Compare and contrast Hobbess and Freuds view on human natu essays

Look into Hobbess and Freuds see on human natu expositions Sigmund Freud, an Austrian doctor, and Thomas Hobbes, an English scholar, were two significant men who assumed jobs in characterizing human instinct. Freud and Hobbes marked the entirety of characteristics and qualities shared by all individuals. Freud had progressive thoughts on how the human psyche functions and Freud's speculations have acquired new advances kid instruction, training, and social science. A great many people in Western culture see human conduct in any event in Freudian terms. Notwithstanding, Hobbes was increasingly worried about a political hypothesis. He denied that individuals are normally social creatures. Regardless, Hobbess and Freuds thoughts investigate from various perspectives. Hobbes contended rather that individuals' most essential thought processes are childish. Individuals, he finished up, are narrow minded. They are moved predominantly by want for power and by dread of others. So without an almighty ruler to administer them, their lives would be awful. Hobbes accepted the legislature was made to ensure individuals structure their own childishness and malice. He accepted that there was a steady rivalry among individuals and that individuals can't be trusted. He posed fundamental and testing inquiries about the connection among science and religion and the nature and constraints of political force. To Freud, people were sexual makes from birth to adulthood. He considered the to be of people as being controlled by constrained physical and mental powers in a restricted world. He was unfriendly to religion and discussed it as a figment. Freud wished to see a human progress brimming with kind individuals. Freud isolated the psyche into three sections the id, the self image, and the superego. The id is the wellspring of such senses, for example, want for sexual joy. The personality settle clashes among impulses and outer reality. The superego is an individual's still, small voice. All individuals have some contention among the three pieces of the brain, however certain individuals have more clash than others. Freud saw that numerous patients acted air conditioning... <!

Computerized Thesis Enrollment System Essay

Section I Presentation Undertaking Context The advancement in innovation brought about by the necessities particularly in business exhibits that Information System and Information Technology is fundamental element for achievement of today’s undertakings. Yet at the same time, a few associations and workplaces utilized the customary or manual framework in dealing with their data. The Don Bosco High School office, especially the enlistment board of trustees face huge amounts of work in their every day exercises most particularly after enlistment as a result of inability to look for available resources on the best way to rearrange their undertaking. The errands are tedious and now and then end up with off base reports. In this manner, in this paper, the framework designers plan to propose an automated enlistment framework explicitly of utilization to the Don Bosco High School Enrollment Committee. As indicated by the site reference.com, a modernized enlistment framework is a multi-work preparing activity that consequently oversees and stores enlistment data. Computerization of enlistment data interrelates diverse yet reliant exchanges in an organized and practical manner. The utilization of automated enlistment frameworks by associations to assist organize with peopling and data is expanding all through the world. Numerous specialists refer to various reasons why automated enlistment frameworks are suitable decisions for schools, preparing projects and working environment tasks. Mechanized enlistment frameworks for instructive administrations lessen handling time and human blunders. Frameworks tasks continue quicker, more productively and with more noteworthy exactness than manual enlistment frameworks. Frameworks regularly incorporate information security and reinforcement structures. Understudy enrollees approach their own data solely. Representative outstanding task at hand is diminished and heads can invest more energy giving understudies progressively customized consideration and support. Upon enlistment, new and transferee understudies will introduce their certifications to the enlistment board of trustees. The qualifications incorporate structure 138 (report card), declaration of good character, away from of NSO birth endorsement, away from of baptismal authentication whenever absolved catholic and equal archive for non-Catholics. Then again, the old understudies are required to present their structure 138 and summer grade if material for examination to theâ enrollment board of trustees. In the wake of finishing all the prerequisites, the enlistment council will give an enlistment structure for the understudy to top off. The enlistment structure will be come back to the enlistment council for confirmation. On the off chance that on the off chance that there are a few fields that were not topped off, the enlistment structure will be come back to the understudy to have it finished. The appropriately topped off enlistment structure will be submitted to window 2 or the appraisal window segment for check and approval. The understudies should trust that their names will be declared over the sound framework. When student’s name is reported, the understudy will continue to window 3 or the charging segment window and cover essential tabs. In the wake of paying, they will continue to the library and present their receipt for book rental for them to get their books. At that point they will continue to the Science Lab for the I.D. At long last, they will introduce again their receipt to the work force in-control. In the current enlistment arrangement of Don Bosco High School, the enlistment advisory group will sort all the enlistment structure as per year level and area. The secretary will enter the understudy subtleties on the PC utilizing Microsoft Excel. In the wake of entering all records, the structures will be documented on an organizer and will be kept on a file organizer by the class guide. The insights concerning the understudies entered in the PC will be the premise of the secretary in g etting ready reports, for example, enlistment measurements, number of transferees, repeaters, balik-aral and covers strict divisions. Every one of these information are sifted through as indicated by year level and sexual orientation. Another report to be created each subsequent to evaluating period is the report card of every understudy. The secretary will set up an evaluating sheet shape and appropriate it to the subject educators for them to top off. Topped off reviewing sheet structures will be submitted to the class counselor for the planning of report cards. The counsel will enter the evaluations of every understudy per subject on the report card physically. Right now, refreshing records about understudies, for example, age, year level, status, number of siblings and sisters concentrating in the said school are done physically. Each enlistment, understudies are required to top off enlistment structure to refresh their records. Their past records from their past class guides will be given to the current class counsels. The current class consultant will be the one to refresh the records of every understudy. Ano ther significant information that need refreshes in the student’s profile is the evaluation for each subject. Evaluation subtleties are refreshed on the report cardâ of understudies by their group guides and on their perpetual records by the secretary. This implies each time a parent needs to check the record of an understudy, he/she needs to ask help from either the class guide or the secretary. On the off chance that when a portion of the evaluations are not yet submitted to the class guide, the parent needs to solicit each subject instructor from his/her youngster. Every so often, issues are experienced in refreshing and observing students’ records. Since students’ records are just documented in organizers and kept in file organizers, there are examples that a few records are lost or lost. In those cases, understudies are solicited to top off another duplicate from enlistment structure. Students’ records are likewise elusive since the class consultant or secretary needs to look through the records physically. Each time there are refreshes on the students’ records, this likewise implies an extra remaining burden to the educators and secretary since looking and refreshing records are done physically. As to on the evaluations of understudies, there are cases that evaluations are not submitted to the class consultant on schedule. This will be a weight to the guardians who will check the evaluations of their youngsters since it will expect them to ask the subject educators individually. With the manual framework, readiness and age of reports is tedious and troublesome. This is on the grounds that the secretary can just completion his report subsequent to arranging all the enlistment shapes after. In the current framework, in the wake of arranging all the enlistment shapes, the enlistment board will sort and enter the subtleties of understudies in Microsoft Excel for them to deliver reports, for example, enlistment measurements, number of transferees, repeaters, balik-aral, and strict categories; every one of this data sifted through every year level and sex. These reason deferred accommodation of reports to the head. With respect to the class guide, getting ready report cards of understudies is additionally time and exertion devouring since he/she needs to compose physically the evaluations of every understudy on their cards. These troubles experienced by the representatives in light of their manual framework push them to go for utilizing present day innovation. Reason and Description With the proposed framework, refreshing and observing student’s records will be quicker and progressively precise. The parent will no longer go to the subject educator of his/her kid individually or hang tight for the class counsel; insteadâ he/she can go straightforwardly to the principal’s office and get some information about the evaluations of his/her youngster/kids. The secretary will simply enter the ID number or the name of the understudy on the framework and all subtleties of the understudy will be shown. In refreshing understudy records, the class guide will no longer refresh physically. All alterations about student’s records will be refreshed legitimately to the framework upon enlistment. The chance of lost or lost student’s record will be enormously limited since all understudy subtleties are now spared in the system’s database and records are back up routinely. The time distributed in producing reports will likewise be reduced and reports are bound to be submitted on time at the principal’s office with the utilization of the proposed framework. During enlistment, insights regarding new understudies and updates about old understudy will be entered and put away straightforwardly on the framework. This implies after enlistment, the secretary will no longer enter physically the subtleties of understudy on the PC. Since the proposed framework is equipped for producing writes about the enlistment insights, transferees, repeaters, balik-aral and strict division as to year level and sexual orientation, the challenges being experienced by the enlistment board will be limited if not disposed of. Another component of the proposed framework is its sign in structure with three client accounts, the manager (secretary and head), the clerk, and the counsel. The director has a full access to the framework. The educators are just permitted to enlist understudies and print reports. The clerk approaches the evaluation procedure as it were. With this, security of understudy records is made sure about and enlistment procedure will no longer tedious. Goals The investigation expects to assess the current enlistment arrangement of the Don Bosco High School. It additionally tries to give powerful and proficient approach to simple activity and access of student’s record. In particular, it means to: 1 Determine and assess the current framework as far as: a Monitoring Student Records b Updating Student Records c Reports Generation 2 Determine the issues experienced by the manual framework as far as: a Checking Student Records b Updating Student Records c Reports Generation 3 Propose an answer that would address the issues experienced. 4 Determine the advantages that can be gotten from the proposed framework. Extension and Delimitation This examination confines its examination on the current enlistment arrangement of the D

Better Targeting your Customers with CRM Value Chain Model

Better Targeting your Customers with CRM Value Chain Model “A business absolutely devoted to Customer Service Excellence will have only one worry about profits. They will be embarrassingly large.” Sir Henry Ford. © Shutterstock.com | BecrisThis article you will learn the following about CRM Value Chain Model in the following sections: 1) what is CRM, 2) how CRM works, 3) CRM strategies and models, 4) what is CRM Value Chain Model, 5) 5 primary stages for implementation of CRM Value Chain, 6) supporting conditions, 7) criticism for CRM Value Chain Model.WHAT IS CRM?A customer these days is very smart and is already well informed and ready to make decisions before he approaches a business. The Customer Relation Management or CRM is the fundamental business policy that incorporates internal procedures and functions as well as external systems to generate and provide value to targeted customers while making a profit for a business. CRM is enabled by softwares and Information Technology, which uses customer data derived from the internet and various other sources. It is used in all aspects of customer relations from identifying customers, building customer relationship, providing information to c ustomers to changing and influencing customer perception of the business and its products or services. CRM requires understanding customers and their need as well as their expectations, to provide service or product that has value to them.Aims of CRMCRM is an essential part of marketing, especially online marketing. The main purpose of any business is to sell its product or service to a customer in order to generate income or revenue. The aims of CRM are derived from this need of the businesses to have customers who are strategically significant. CRM aims to understand the customer, retain them by providing a satisfying customer experience. It also aims at attracting new customers, convert inquiries into business opportunities, increase profitability and reduce the cost of managing customers. CRM is the tool through which a business can build up a mutually beneficial relationship with its strategically significant customers.HOW DOES CRM WORK?Lead generation and customer data are ess ential for CRM to work. Without understanding and analyzing the customer or market requirements, a business cannot hope to optimize customer experience and, therefore, generate new business. CRM isn’t only about marketing, it is an integration of all the processes that deal with customers, which include â€" sales, marketing, customer service and support as well as collecting customer data, analyzing it and implementing the findings to the business process.Marketing: CRM has its base in marketing and is closely related to it. Marketing has evolved over the years from focusing on direct sales to customer relationship marketing. The focus has now shifted to creating loyal customers by offering not just a product, but an experience.Sales Force Automation: The job of the sales department is to create strategies to maintain and build customer relationships in order to generate revenue. In order to fulfil this part of their duties, the sales department needs to be automated, collect data regarding the customers, their age, sex, address, phone numbers, personal details, professional details, preferences and spending patterns etc. to create a profile that can be used to enhance customer relationship.Customer Service and Support: One of the most important factors for customer satisfaction is customer service and support. The after sales service and support offered by a business determines the continuing customer relationship. If the service and support system is not adequate, the customer relation will suffer.Insights and Analytics: The entire CRM process is dependent on information technology and data analysis. All the customer data is collected and analyzed using the software. This gives businesses insights into their customers, their preferences and buying patterns, providing it with guidelines to improve overall customer experience.CRM STRATEGIES AND MODELSCRM strategies are about building a customer relationship model that is so successful that it is hard for com petitors to break the customer loyalty. There are five basic models on which CRM of any business can be based. These models are not hard and fast rules, but should be adapted as per the requirements of a business. These models are:IDIC ModelThis model was established by Pepper and Rogers in 2004. The IDIC model is a four-step approach to CRM. These four steps are:Identify your customers and understand them and their individual requirements.Differentiate your customers based on their value to the business and what they require from it.Interact with the customer to understand their expectations and values.Finally, customize your services and products to reflect the needs of your customer.QCi Customer Management ModelQuality Competitive Index Model or QCi is a model of CRM that focuses on the customer rather than processes. QCi is based on three activities, which are Acquisition, Retention, and Penetration. These are the activities that a business needs to perform so as to retain and a cquire customers. It also needs technology to assist the processes. QCi Model includes activities that are related to employees, people, organization, and technology.Payne’s Five Process ModelPayne’s five processes model is based on the fact that the aim of CRM is to enhance acquisition and retention of customers by building and maintain a relationship with a valuable customer. The process is divided into five processes that are:strategy development process,value creation process,multichannel integration process,performance assessment process and finally,information management or analytical process.Gartner’s CRM ModelThis model was developed by Gartner Inc., a leading IT company. According to this model, a business needs to focus on 8 things to successfully implement CRM. These include â€" developing CRM vision, CRM strategies, designing valued customer experiences, creating CRM processes, CRM Technology, CRM information, CRM metrics and organizational collaboration.Buttle’s CRM Value Chain ModelButtles CRM Value Chain model is probably the most commonly used model for CRM. There are two stages to the model â€" the primary stage and the secondary stage. The secondary stage is created to provide support to the primary stage. Both the stages have to work together to enable CRM.WHAT IS CRM VALUE CHAIN MODEL?The concept of a value chain was derived by Michael Porter. He put forth the idea of the value chain as a means of identifying all actions, processes or stages that are involved in creating outputs from inputs. These outputs are offered to a customer who is at the end of the line of the value chain. The amount a customer is willing to pay for a product or a service is its value. The revenue for a business is the total value less the cost that it has incurred in providing the product to the customer. CRM Value Chain Model is a set of strategies that a business ought to follow when developing their CRM strategies. Most modern businesses work on the princ iple of Customer Relationship Management as it helps to deliver value to customer and creates, as well as, manages the relationship of a business with its customers in a more effective manner. A valuable relationship with one strategically significant customer can lead to customer loyalty, retention and finally to referrals to other potential customers. Based on Buttle’s CRM Value Chain ModelThe CRM Value Chain Model looks at all the stages that are required to build a relationship with a customer. These can be categorized as Primary Stages and Support Stages.Who is a strategically significant customer?A customer who creates great value for a business is deemed to be a valuable customer for the business. In order to retain such a customer for a period of time, the business has to follow some strategies. Only about 20% of all the customers of a business can be said to be strategically significant customers. They generate more revenue, value and loyalty for a business and the business has to deal with them in an entirely different manner than the rest of its customers. Strategically significant customers (SSC) buy more, are trend setters, and act as referrals for the business.There are four types of SSC. The one on top is the High lifetime value customer as these customers create the greatest value for the business. Lifetime value p otential of a customer is derived by calculating the present value of all future profits that a business might earn from one single customer. One thing to consider is that not all high volume customers can be regarded as high lifetime value customers. The next type of SSC is known as Benchmarks. These are the well-known customers, and that other consumers are likely to emulate. The third type is the Inspirations. These are customers who inspire a company to change its products or reduce costs. The last of the SSC are what are referred as the cost magnets. These customers pay for a large percentage of fixed costs so that the product can be sold to smaller consumers at a profitable margin.5 PRIMARY STAGES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF CRM VALUE CHAINThe CRM Value Chain Model consists of several stages or processes. These are divided into two main categories Primary Stages and Secondary Stages. Above is a diagrammatic representation of the CRM Value Chain Model.Primary Stages of the CRM value chain include the following processes:Customer portfolio analysis,Customer intimacy,Network development,Value proposition development and finallyManage customer lifecycle.Each of these stages has many concepts, processes and tools that are used to enable the strategy. These primary stages help to locate and study a customer and his habits, interact with the customer to develop a relationship. Once the relationship is established, to provide the customer services that would mutually benefit the customer and the company, and finally to maintain the relationship. CRM needs to be supported by a strong will to serve the customer and the desire to build a lasting relationship. CRM can only succeed if the customer is satisfied and happy with the product and the service of the business. Let us look at how this is achieved.Stage 1: Customer portfolio analysisThe first thing that a business needs to do is to identify the customers that it needs to target. These are the customers who create th e most value for the company, and the company sees them as the most desirable customers. This stage is implemented through analysis of data that the company has collected about its customers. It gives insights to companies so they can define their strategies to interact more effectively with a customer, to understand the customers and their needs and also to discover the high lifetime value customers of the business.Stage 2: Customer intimacyOnce all the information about the customers is in hand, it is time to engage with the customers and interact with the ones that are most valuable, to know them and to provide them greater value than the competitors would, in order to retain them. The business needs to know its customers well if it wishes to retain them. This is done through collecting and mining data through various channels. All relevant data regarding a customer is provided at the point of contact in order to create a better relationship between a customer and the business.St age 3: Network developmentThe term network here includes all stages of interaction between the business and its customers. It includes all your strategy partners, the suppliers, staff, investors, partners and anyone who can influence interaction between the business and the consumer. The aim is to ensure that the customer enjoys the interaction with the company and is satisfied and happy with the business, its services, product, and employees. With the customer data available at all points of contact, it would make it easier for the network to work together in order provide better service to the customer.Stage 4: Value proposition developmentOnce a business has learned as much as they can about a customer and have made a decision about who they would prefer to serve, they can now identify and create sources of value for their chosen customers. This can be done by creating tailor-made offers and experiences that will meet all the requirements, preferences and expectations of the cust omer. This is a shift in business policy from the traditional strategy of concentrating on a product to focusing on providing better service to the consumer and concentrating on reducing process costs and improving service to create more value. The focus is on creating value for the customer.Stage 5: Manage customer lifecycleThe lifecycle of a customer is defined as his journey from the stage of being a prospect right through to the end of the line where the prospect has become a customer, and is subsequently happy and satisfied with his relationship and experience with the business and its services, and is ready to turn into an advocate for the business. To manage the lifecycle of a customer, the company needs to look at both the processes and the structure of its organization. The processes will require attending to the acquisition, retention and finally the development of the customer. The structure will need to focus on the ways to manage the customer relationship.SUPPORTING CON DITIONS FOR CRM VALUE CHAINIn order for the five primary stages of CRM to work and the business to experience the full benefit of CRM, they need to be supported by certain secondary stages or conditions. These are:Leadership and cultureThe leadership and culture of the business determine the focus of the business. It is up to the leaders to provide direction and prioritize CRM within an organization. If the leadership is inclined towards CRM, it will provide the direction that is required to implement customer relationship, inculcate a culture for customer satisfaction and guide the rest of the organization to follow the example.Relationship between Leadership and CRMThere is a direct relationship between CRM and leadership. The leadership will decide which direction to choose and guide their employees to follow suit. Without the interest of the leadership, it will not be possible to implement CRM in an organization and hope for it to succeed. All the policies and guidance has to co me from the leadership regarding the ways and means to provide the customer the value they demand.Customer-Centric CultureIt is important for a business to have a customer-centric approach within its organization in order for CRM to be successful. The leadership needs to provide a work environment that places customer satisfaction as its most important agenda. This would require placing systems in place to provide information about the customer to employees dealing with them. CRM will be properly implemented if the various departments of an organization work together. The employees who deal with customers need to be trained so that they know how to interact with a customer properly. Customer interaction at all points has to be friendly and easy, this includes dealing with customer complaints and feedbacks, managing delivery and service to the customer, providing incentives and offers that will add value to the customer’s experience. Employee behavior is one of the most important p arts of the customer experience. It is the duty of the leadership to ensure that the employee behavior leaves a positive influence on the customer. ProcessesAll the tasks or activities that go on to create something of value are called processes.What are business processes?A business process is a set of tasks or activities that work together to produce a particular service or product. The product may be generic, which is meant for all the customers, or custom made according to the specifications or preferences of a particular customer.Classification of processesThere are three types of business processes in every business. These processes need to work together for an organization to function properly.Vertical and horizontal: This is the flow of work from top to the bottom of the management chain as well as a linear division of work and command. The policies that are created at the top have to flow through the organization right down to the bottom of the pyramid.Front and back office: The front office is where the customer relations takes place, but it cannot function without proper support from the back office staff. The Sales, Marketing, and service department need to work with the accounts, procurement and manufacturing to provide complete customer satisfaction.Primary and secondary: Primary processes include the core business practices that are supported by a secondary process such as recruitment, technical support, customer care, etc.All the systems need to be in sync for CRM to be implemented fully.Analytical CRM processesThese are processes that are employed by the back office, or departments that do not deal directly with the customers. Analytical processes are designed to dig deep into customer data and discover the real intentions and behavior of a customer. Based on the findings of the analysis, the business can improve its profitability. This is done through:Customer profiling: finding and recording all relevant data about a customer;Opportunity management: Creating opportunities and marketing channels or products to attract more customers;Campaign management: create sales and marketing processe s that are designed to attract more customers.Employees / peopleThe people in any business are the one who interact with the customers. How they interact is one of the most important parts of CRM. Whether it is the sales staff or the marketing staff, the delivery, and logistical staff or the support or service departments, customers will at some point of time interact with people in each of these departments. It is essential that the people or employees be trained to deal with customers to ensure a positive interaction. It is not always possible for a positive interaction, but the employees need to know how to deal with all kinds of the situation so that the customer feels that the business cares about its customers.Data and Information TechnologyCRM is totally dependent on Data and Information technology. Data provides all the insights that are essential for CRM. High-quality data is the main requirement of CRM. It needs to the acquired, stored, analyzed, maintained, improved and d istributed properly to be of any value. Customer information is what drives CRM and determines all the strategies that need to be implemented for CRM. The data requirements for CRM are determined by the actions taken at the primary stages.Role of data in CRMIn order to gain insights into customers and create a relationship with them, it is essential to understand them, their preferences, their requirements, and their demographics. All this is made possible only by collecting data and managing it. Data is required for both business operations and analysis.Business operations: Data provides important information regarding the customers, the processes, and the services of the company and their efficiency. It allows companies to gauge what the customers want and change their policies to reflect customer demands and values.Analysis: Data allows the companies to analyze its business processes and cut costs where possible to improve revenue while providing better value to customers.CRITICI SM FOR CRM VALUE CHAIN MODELToday CRM is seen only as a software and IT solution for front and back office. This limits the application of CRM to only some business processes, excluding a lot of others. The benefit of the CRM value chain can be fully derived only if all the processes are integrated to work together to create greater value for the customer.

Euthanasia Should Be Legalized - 1774 Words

Euthanasia Must Be Legalized The debates about euthanasia in the United States date all the way back to the 12th century. During this time, Christian values increased the public’s opinion against euthanasia. The church taught its followers that euthanasia not only injures individual people and their communities, but also violates God’s authority over life. This idea spread far and wide throughout the public until the 18th century when the renaissance and reformation writers attacked the church and its teachings. However, the public did not pay much attention to the writings and still opposed euthanasia. Then, in 1828, New York became the first state to outlaw assisted suicide as well as euthanasia. After that, many states followed suit and, 40 years later, most states had made assisted suicide a crime. Nevertheless, the fight to legalize euthanasia still went on and, in 1870, Samuel Williams proposed using morphine as a way to quicken the death of a terminally ill patie nt. His proposal accumulated widespread fame in medical journals and scientific meetings, but in 1885 the American Medical Association took a stance against Williams’ proposal and ended all discussions. Then, beginning in the 20th century, the public regained their interest in euthanasia. In 1905, a bill was created the legalize euthanasia in Ohio, however it was defeated. Then, in 1915, controversy struck when Dr. Haiselden was able to persuade the family of a badly deformed baby boy that it was better toShow MoreRelatedShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1360 Words   |  6 PagesAbout 55% of terminally ill patients die in atrocious pain. Euthanasia is a practice that hasn’t been legalized in many places, and is usually performed by lethal injection. In the United States euthanasia is only legalized in Oregon, Washington, Montana, and certain areas of Texas. Some citizens feel that euthanasia should be legalized because they should have the sole right to their life. Othe rs feel that God is the one that has the authority over a person’s life. There have been many cases whereRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?864 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversy over euthanasia. Because there is a sharp conflict on the issue, some countries accept mercy killing lawful while others do not. The main arguments about the issue are whether the deliberate intervention on one’s life to the end is morally right or wrong. Some say euthanasia should be legalized because it is the only way to relieve harsh pain and meet ‘real happiness’ for the patients who are not expected to maintain their lives more. They also argue that people should respect the patients’Read MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?971 Words   |  4 Pages Legalization of euthanasia in China Youyou Zhuang English Language Center, University of Victoria Youyou Zhuang, a student in English language center of University of Victoria. zhuangyoyo@gmail.com Legalization of euthanasia in China The hospital is a place where to cure the sickness and to save the patients. Have you ever thought a kind of â€Å"killing† could happen in the hospital? It is the â€Å"mercy killing†, also called euthanasia. Till now, euthanasia is legal in Netherlands, BelgiumRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1413 Words   |  6 Pagesstatement: euthanasia should be legalized. There exist numerous topics that are controversial within the criminal justice system. Euthanasia, the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relive pain and suffering, is one that has been around for a long time. Many people believe that it should continue being illegal due to certain moral values. However, some people argue that euthanasia should be decriminalized because people should have the right to die when they want to. Euthanasia hasRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?907 Words   |  4 Pagesactive euthanasia, which is a highly contentious issue in the United States. Voluntary active euthanasia is currently illegal in the United States. However, I believe that patients with terminal illnesses experiencing a lot of pain and misery should have the right to die the way they choose, with dignity, instead of being subjected to agony. People should be able to choose voluntary active euthanasia, if ever need be, which is why I believe that despite current policy, voluntary active euthanasia shouldRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1050 Words   |  5 Pagesend quickly, but knew it was not going to happen. If euthanasia and/or assisted suicide was legalized, perhaps his wish could have been true. Unfortunately, euthanasia is only legal in the states of Oregon and Washington at the current time. Euthanasia is considered immoral and wrong for contradicting a doctor’s job. However, it save s families the horrible sight of their loved ones dying, safeguards being up to protect any abuse towards euthanasia, and ultimate choice of being euthanized is upon theRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthe natural body is able to heal itself and grow. Not only is it human nature to survive and prosper, it is also instinct to be frightened of death and suffering. Euthanasia has been a topic of debate ever since the Roman and Greek physicians have started to poison terminally ill patients with their consent. Today’s definition of euthanasia is â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless wayRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1220 Words   |  5 Pagesincurable patients, it is rarely known that Euthanasia, a termination of one’s life with his/her self-willingness, is a release of permanent pain. On the other hand, it is committed by the doctors. Among Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary Euthanasia, only is Voluntary Euthanasia being universally concerned by human beings. Various fascinating facts, Australia has already approved this act and many people from other countries have also committed Euthanasia. Regarding this topic, people have beenRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1210 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerns is dying with dignity and not left to suffer a long and drawn out death. Euthanasia, also known as mercy killing, is a sensitive and very controversial subject. Several people believe, doctors should not participate in any action that ends a person’s life due to the Hippocratic Oath stating that doctors are obligated to save lives. Although, euthanasia is considered to be immoral and even murder, it should be legalized when a person’s quality of life, due to an incurable illness, is gradually goingRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1490 Words   |  6 Pagesj ust like you are in pain. What would you do? Euthanasia is and act where a person assist the death of other person and relieves him/her from pain. It is also called as mercy killing. It is controversial because, some may thing it is immoral and some may think it is against their religious values. But, the fact is, the person who suffers with pain knows the pain better than anybody. It is the person’s decision to make. Euthanasia should be legalized with the involvements of legal documents based

One Hundred Years of Solitude Relationship between...

One Hundred Years of Solitude:nbsp;nbsp;The Relationship between Ursual and Jose Arcadio Buendia nbsp;In literature, a central relationship can bond a group, and serve as a measure of the vitality of the society that it bonds. One such monumental relationship is that between Ursual and Jose Arcadio Buendia in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs One Hundred Years of Solitude. In the chosen passage, the author uses imagery, metaphors, and characterization to illustrate their relationship, establishing a preview of their future relationship, harboring its development into the measure of stability of that society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; As the passage opens, the reader is immediately made aware of Jose†¦show more content†¦Jose Arcadio Buendiss diligence and dedication to the task at hand become very apparent from the beginning of the passage. He is dedicated enough to isolate himself in his laboratory, totally focusing on how he can improve life in Macondo. Jose Arcadio Buendia, while in his isolation, pours his heart unto his plans. He spent months doing nothing but using his intellect, desire, and dedication to build his detailed, ingenious plans. Although he does sense defeat and decides to pack up his laboratory equipment, he never does give up the hope that one day, he will lead Macondos citizens into a glorious life, flourishing because of his strong intellect and natural ability. On the contrary to Buendias emotionally driven personality, Ursulas logic and sensibility provide another instrumental part of this momentous relationship. The interpl ay of the two in this passage, definitely illustrative of their relationship later in the novel, is based upon these traits. Oftentimes, Jose Arcardio Buendia has a wild scheme or a plan to improve their lives, and Ursulas logic is very vital to these dreams. Although she knows that his plans are mostly wild rants, she supports him and encourages him to express himself. She watched him with innocent attention and felt pity for Buendia, because even though

Headache Free Essays

{draw:frame} Severe Headaches Associated With Higher Temperatures, Lower Barometric Pressures Although large numbers of headache sufferers, particularly individuals who struggle with migraines, attribute their pain to the weather, there has been little scientific evidence to back up their assertions. Now, a study of more than 7,000 patients, led by researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), provides some of the first large-scale data on how environmental conditions — weather, as well as air pollution — influence headache pain. Reported in the March 10 issue of the journal Neurology, the findings demonstrate that higher temperatures, and to a lesser degree, lower barometric pressure, contribute to severe headaches. We will write a custom essay sample on Headache or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Migraine headaches affect a large proportion of the population,† notes Kenneth Mukamal, MD, MPH, the study’s first author and a physician in the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care at BIDMC. â€Å"Approximately 18 percent of women and 6 percent of men in the U. S. report having migraine headaches, particularly young and middle-aged adults. Knowing that migraines can be set off by â€Å"triggers,† including certain foods, alcohol, stress and hormones, Mukamal and his coauthors decided to study whether environmental factors were also acting as headache triggers.. â€Å"Air temperature, humidity and barometric pressure are among the most frequent reasons that people give for their headache pain,† explains Mukamal, who is also an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. â€Å"But none of these reasons have been consistently verified. We wanted to find out if we could verify this ‘clinical folklore. We also wanted to d etermine whether air pollutants trigger headaches, much as they have been found to trigger strokes. † â€Å"In other words,† says Mukamal, â€Å"our study design was able to directly compare weather and air pollution conditions right before an emergency visit with those same factors measured earlier and later the same month. † â€Å"Certainly our results are consistent with the idea that severe headaches can be triggered by external factors,† says Mukamal. â€Å"These findings help tell us that the environment around us does affect our health and, in terms of headaches, may be impacting many, many people on a daily basis. Mukamal recommends that headache patients sit down with their doctors to identify the triggers that lead to their headache symptoms, adding that even though the weather can’t be altered, doctors might be able to prescribe medication that can be administered prophylactically to help avert the onset of weather-related headaches. Fur thermore, he adds, â€Å"On a population basis, we need to be concerned about incremental temperature rises anyhow, and should advocate for responsible environmental management. The annual cost attributed to migraines is estimated at $17 billion, millions of people are adversely affected and the public health implications may be enormous. † This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Study coauthors include BIDMC investigators Gregory A. Wellenius, ScD, and Murray A. Mittleman, MD, DrPH; and Helen H. Suh, ScD, of the Harvard School of Public Health. How to cite Headache, Essay examples

Consumer Buying Process

Question: Discuss about the case study for Consumer Buying Process. Answer: Introduction Value decisions play an important role in the consumer buying process. Additionally, in current business environment, it becomes essential to understand the customer perceived value due to increasing competition in the market (Drummond and Ensor, 2006). Concurrently, as nowadays, customers are more demanding and expect different shopping channels to be provided for the satisfaction of their needs, it also becomes difficult to identify customer-perceived value (Beamish, 2012).The main aim of this report is to identify the perceived value for the customers of Sainsbury with the use of suitable models. It also evaluates the existing value proposition for Sainsbury and also compare and contrast it with the leading competitor in its sector. In addition, it benchmarks the value propositions and also produces a new value proposition in order to match the customers' value criteria. In last, it also develops a plan for implementing the value proposition externally and internally. The company selected for this report is J. Sainsbury Plc. In the year 1869, Sainsbury was established and currently, it operates more than 1,200 supermarkets and convenience stores. It is found that the company employs approx 161,000 co-workers. It is also assessed that the company greatly invests in its stores, distribution channels, and employees to deliver best value and create positive shopping experience (J Sainsbury Plc, 2016). The main focal point of Sainsbury is customers and the company's culture and values play an important role in enhancing the customer satisfaction. Sainsbury's corporate website also reflects that the company owns 16.7% market share in the industry (J Sainsbury Plc, 2016). Identification of the Perceived Customer Value The term perceived value is associated with the product benefits and it shows the importance of understanding how the value is considered by the customers of a particular product or service. There are several models, which are beneficial to understand the customer perceived value for the Sainsbury's customers. One of the models is value hierarchy model of Woodruff (1997). Through this model, the author defined perceived value as desired product attributes or performance of the attributes, desired consequences, and the attainment of goals and purpose of customers (Aulia, Sukati, and Sulaima, 2016). The below figure summarizes this model: Figure 1: Customer value hierarchy model (Source: Aulia, Sukati, and Sulaima, 2016) With the use of this model, it is recognized that Sainsbury's customers perceived value is related to their satisfaction related to product attributes, consequences and goals achievement. For example, customers' perceived benefits for Sainsbury include availability of different clothing and grocery as per their preference, benefits after using the product, and attainment of goals such as fell special after wearing the clothing offered by Sainsbury. Another model is given by Valarie Zeithaml, which defines four diverse classes of customer-perceived value (Buttle and Maklan, 2015). These include low price value, product related value, quality value, and the values expected as a part of customer sacrifices. This model is also supported by the study of Chang and Hsu (2013). In this study, the authors suggested a customer-perceived value model (see the below figure). Figure 2: Model of Customer-perceived Value (Source: Chang and Hsu, 2013) It is clear from the above figure that customers' mainly perceived benefits such as price, quality, and value for their sacrifices including security, privacy of their information, assurance, and satisfaction. With the use of this model, it is identified that customer-perceived value for customers of Sainsbury includes: Price: Customers perceive both financial and non-financial price benefits when purchasing products from Sainsbury stores. For example, customers want big saving offers as a part of price benefit and concurrently, they also desire to get non-price benefits such as loyalty benefits, etc. to enhance their perceived value (Day and Moorman, 2010). Quality: Customers also expect that Sainsbury offers good quality, latest style and design and fresh products to create great customer value. Quality can be valued in different ways including product, service, system and website (Kumar and Steenkamp, 2007). For instance, as Sainsbury allows its customers to online shop, their perceived values include opening of the website with different browsers, availability and clarity of all information, and price information, etc. Sacrifices: Customers also value what they get as a result of their sacrifices. For example, customers want that Sainsbury ensure privacy and security of their personal information, assurance about the product use, and effective service (Chang and Hsu, 2013). In addition, customers perceived values also include fun, entertainment, pleasure, prestige benefits, convenience, etc. when purchasing products from Sainsbury stores. In contrast, from the study by Hassan (2012), it is evaluated that many customers select Sainsbury mainly due to its location, easy access to store and available car parks. Moreover, customers also perceived value from competitive prices, wide range of products and offer and promotions. Existing Value Propositions It is evaluated that Sainsbury gives importance to both price and quality in its current value proposition. In regard to this, it is assessed that the new pricing strategy of the company to continuous lower prices reassures customers that at Sainsbury's stores they can always get a good price (J Sainsbury Plc, 2016). The company invests in getting down the prices of daily products that are demanded by customers through value chain efficiencies (Hassan, 2012). In addition, the company also regularly invests in improving the quality to strengthen its existing value propositions and get success in the increasingly competitive marketplace. It is also evaluated that quality is the main value creating factor that helps in keeping Sainsbury apart from the competition (J Sainsbury Plc, 2016). The company innovated various own-label products, the quality of which strengthen its premier-class goodwill and image. Concurrently, it is also evaluated that the company is able to effectively differentiate itself from other rival grocers due to the main elements of value propositions including quality of the product, improved availability, and wide range of products (Cunningham and Harney, 2012). In addition, Sainsbury also operates different store formats that are effective to meet with the requirements of specific customers as well as create value for them. It is also assessed that labelling is also an effective part of Sainsbury's value proposition and account for about total sale's 60%. It helps the company to transfer the value that customers relate with the retailer of the product (Gbadamosi, Bathgate, and Nwankwo, 2013). At the same time, consideration of ethical value of consumers are also an essential part of its value proposition that significantly contributes in the company's success. It is because some ethical consumers may boycott purchasing of products from retailers, which do not comply with ethical standards (Buttle and Maklan, 2015). In contrary, it is evaluated that Nectar reward scheme that is provided by Sainsbury to its customers is a negative aspect of its value proposition. It is because the company does not invest in this program largely as a result the customers are not very loyal towards this brand. At the same time, it is found that Tesco club card scheme is an important part of value proposition of Tesco. In this, it is found that many customers of Tesco believe that Tesco club card is a main source of value for them that motivate them to keep shopping with that supermarket chain (Hassan, 2012). In addition, it is also assessed that better quality, local store, and availability of wide range of products are some important value elements for Tesco. Thus, it can be stated that there are some similarities in the value propositions that are offered by both Tesco and Sainsbury. For example, both companies focus on improving quality, maintaining price and offering wide product range to create value for custo mers. But, concurrently, it can also be discussed that availability of effective loyalty card scheme makes the value proposition of Tesco more effective in comparison of Sainsbury. For the reason, Tesco runs its own loyalty program, while Nectar is not Sainsbury's own program (West, Ford, and Ibrahim, 2010). Moreover, it is also measured that Tesco also believes that an effective way to add value for customers is through a major cost-cutting program. In this, the company's loyalty program supported greatly as many products' prices cut in half when customers use their points. Thus, it can be concluded that Sainsbury needs to improve its current value proposition to strengthen it as compared to other competitors as well as ensure long-term business survival. Benchmarking the Two Value Propositions In order to benchmark the two value propositions, first, it is essential to understand the main strengths of the competitors' value propositions. Secondly, it is important to know company's own differentiation towards consumers. In relation to the strength of Tesco's value propositions, it is evaluated that Tesco has developed a successful online business in the UK that now is extended to different product categories. Tesco is able to offer a profitable internet shopping experience by leveraging the strength of its traditional mortar and bricks grocery business (Murray, 2013). Tesco's online business caught more than 40% of the total online grocery shopping market. Additionally, its website is the world's most successful online grocery retail business and creates significant value for online customers. Additionally, it is also evaluated that the another strength of Tesco's value propositions is related to its loyalty card scheme, which is valued by customers. The biggest benefit of loyalty cards for Tesco is that these support the retailer to know about what customers prefer to buy (Seth and Randall , 1999). Additionally, on the basis of the customers' previous history, Tesco gives vouchers to customers and also designs offers to deliver the products to customer they receive. In contrary to Tesco analysis, it is assessed from the value proposition analysis of Sainsbury that the continuous focus on products' quality, prices, and supply of safe, fresh, and healthy products supports the company to get ahead from the competition. It is also evaluated that the consideration of ethics in the business as well as commitment towards delivering value to customers positively supported the company to differentiate itself in the eyes' of customers in today's dynamic and competitive business environment (Barnes, Blake, and Pinder, 2009). Moreover, it is also appraised that the focus on five organizational values also ensures the success of the company in current competitive business situation. These values include best food and health, environment respect, integrity, building a good place to work, and contribute a positive difference to the company. It is also evaluated that all these values positively supported the company to deliver value to both customers and employ ees as well as strength its brand image worldwide. In contrast, in relation to the two retailers it is also found that both give importance to socially responsible activities as well as promote environmental safety that also set both Tesco and Sainsbury apart from the competition (Hassan, 2012). It is also evaluated that these elements of value proposition are important for today's organizations, particularly supermarkets to attain competitive advantage. It is because attractive price and advertising are some factors that are adopted by most firms in this sector, but contribution to the community development is not followed by all firms. In this way, it can be one of the most valuable aspects of value proposition. Thus, it is clear that both Tesco and Sainsbury focus on delivering value to customers by offering good quality of various products at fair price to customers. It can also be concluded that Tesco has business strengths such as online retail business and loyalty card schemes that provide its competitive advantage over other retailers in the industry. In contrast, ethics, location, and fresh and good quality of various products are the main aspects of Sainsbury's value proposition that can be benchmarked to ensure its long-term success. It can also be summarized that Tesco has more than one factor in its value proposition that support it to maintain its leading position in the industry. These factors include effective access to stores, online shopping, loyalty cards, wide product ranges, and quality. Additionally, it can also be stated that Tesco's loyalty card scheme can be used as a benchmark in this industry to deliver continuous value to customers. For the reason, nowadays due to increased competition, it becomes essential to make customers loyal towards a particular brand so that their retention rate can be enhanced. Moreover, it can also be stated that as Sainsbury has lack of loyal customers, so it should also focus on making its own loyalty scheme to get long-term business success and growth. New Value Propositions for Sainsbury With the analysis of Sainsbury's value proposal, I have come to know that building and delivering of value to customers as per their expectations is not an easy task for marketing planners. There is need to develop understanding about this concept as well as to know what customers expect from a particular organization in terms of delivering value to them. Additionally, from the Tesco's value proposition analysis, I have also learned that building of loyal customers can be an important success factor for today's business organizations (Hassan, 2012). It is because such customers expend their money, make repeat purchase, and also recommend to others the same company as long as it delivers logical and uniform values to them. It is also important to communicate the value propositions to customers adequately and manage any change in it as per the change taken place in the market. As currently, Sainsbury does not focus on making customers loyal, a new value proposition will be proposed in order to match the customers' value criteria. For the reason, nowadays customers perceive value in terms of taking loyalty benefits offered by the company. In order to develop a new value proposition for Sainsbury, value life cycle will be used. Through the use of this cycle, value elements will be developed at the life cycle's different stages. The below section summarizes the new value propositions for Sainsbury: Introduction of Value: At the stage, with the use of historic data and observations of customers needs and expectations as well as current value proposition, the research and development department along with the marketing section will work to add value (Hassan, 2012). Additionally, customers will also be involved in this step to make the value proposition effective. For example, Sainsbury will develop a loyalty scheme and will also focus on maintaining price and quality to meet with the value standards of customers. Value Appropriation: At this stage, Sainsbury will create value by improving purchase experience of customers. For example, by improving the online presence and providing all information required to make a purchase decision, the value will be created for the customers (Hassan, 2012). Value Use: Customers feel and see the value at this phase through the products or the services actual use (Hassan, 2012). Therefore, at this level, Sainsbury will create value by linking different benefits to the product/service. Renewal of the Value: At this phase, the value is created when value finishes due to expiry of products at a supermarket like Sainsbury (Hassan, 2012). Therefore, in the renewal process, Sainsbury can create value by adding more features and benefits to different product and services. Transfer of Value: In the value life cycle's final stage, the customers can no more get value. Yet, by transferring value from obtained benefits, value can be created (Hassan, 2012). For example, Sainsbury can offer exchange of some used goods at significant discounts. In addition, some value dimensions such as innovators, price ministers, and socializers will also be used to make the value proposition effective that meets with the value criteria of different customers (Hassan, 2012). For example, Sainsbury will continuously invest in developing and improving the technology and the value proposition is related that customers are advanced in technology. Similarly, by considering the price minimizing dimension, Sainsbury will emphasize on selling products not more than competitors' prices (Hassan, 2012). As a result, value for money is the value proposition for customers. Moreover, by making effective loyalty schemes, Sainsbury will develop an interpersonal relationship with main customers. The value proposition here includes believe, trust, closeness, and social relationships. Additionally, it can also be discussed that as the new value proposition supports Sainsbury to develop close relationship with customers, it would be helpful for the company t o attain long-term business growth, success, and survival. Plan to Carry Out the Value Proposition Externally and Internally Both the internal and external environments of the organization are linked with the value proposition. In this, the value proposition internally, defines the firm's operations, as it is interpreted into value creation actions and processes (Saren, 2013). In contrary, externally, it represents the firm in the customers' eyes. It is the reason that to get long-term business success, it is necessary that the value proposition implemented both internally and externally. Therefore, a plan will be developed to enforce the proposed value proposal in both internal and external business environment. Firstly, marketing strategies and tactics will be developed and aligned with other organizational strategies so that best value can be delivered to customers. In addition, to implement the value proposition internally, a new strategic framework will be developed in order to deliver value to end-consumers (Hassan, 2012). This framework will be beneficial to make clear the value proposition that the company should deliver as well as the alignment of products, organizational resources and processes to deliver the value in a profitable manner. At the same time, to implement the proposed values, they will be defined sharply, clearly understood and will be communicated to different stakeholders including customers, shareholders, employees, etc. appropriately (Hassan, 2012). It would be beneficial to ensure the proper application of the value proposition at all leve ls in the organization. Moreover, internally, the firm will focus on attaining the operational excellence so that optimum value can be delivered to customers (Clark and Baker, 2007).Additionally, Sainsbury will identify the operational processes and activities to translate the value proposition and delivering values to customers. For example, market research department will focus on identifying customers' expectations so that benefits can be designed accordingly to create value. In contrast, to externally implement the value proposal, Sainsbury will focus on positioning itself in the eyes of customers (Viscusi, Batini, and Mecella, 2010). For this, effective marketing strategies and plan will be developed by the company. For example, a new marketing mix will be proposed by the company that will consider the new value proposition. The marketing mix is as follow: Product: Wide range of products will be offered with the use of advanced technology, current fashion and as per customers expectations. It would be helpful to meet with the customers' value needs in terms of advance technology and availability of wide product range (Beamish, 2012). Price: Competitive price will be offered to attract and retain customers in grocery retail markets. Concurrently, Sainsbury will also make differentiation on prices and offers in comparison of competitors to positioned itself among customers (Hassan, 2012). Place: It is evaluated that store location is the biggest delivered value along with the store distance and availability of other distribution channels such as parking facilities and online purchasing and delivering (Hassan, 2012).Therefore, to strengthen the current brand image, Sainsbury will improve its current store location as well as online presence. Promotion: Promotion is another element that adds value to customers in terms of discount offers, and other schemes (Drummond and Ensor, 2006). Moreover, loyalty cards are also viewed as the main source of value to customers. Therefore, Sainsbury will promote its loyalty card schemes to customers to strengthen its current image and differentiate itself in the market. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that customers of Sainsbury mainly perceived values as locations, availability of range of products, fresh food, and maintaining quality at lower prices that encourage them to visit this supermarket as compared to others. It can also be stated that Sainsbury needs to improve its current value proposition as compared to other competitors. For the reason, nowadays, customers acquire more value from the company that offers them loyalty benefits along with maintaining product prices and quality. The new value proposition for Sainsbury will focus on delivering value by offering different loyalty benefits along with asserting product range, price, and quality. In last, it can also be summarized that the implementation of value propositions both internally and externally would be helpful to ensure the company's long-term success. References Aulia, S. A., Sukati, I. and Sulaima, Z. (2016) A Review: Customer Perceived Value and its Dimension. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 3(2), pp. 150-162. Barnes, C., Blake, H., and Pinder, D. (2009) Creating and Delivering Your Value Proposition: Managing Customer Experience for Profit. UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Beamish, K. (2012) CIM Coursebook 03/04 Marketing Planning. UK: Routledge. Buttle, F., and Maklan, S. (2015) Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Technologies. UK: Routledge. Chang, C. and Hsu, Y. H. S. (2013) A Customer-Perceived Value Model for e-Service Context. Proceedings of 7th Global Business and Social Science Research Conference, pp. 1-15. Clark, M. and Baker, S. (2007) Business Success Through Service Excellence. UK: Routledge. Cunningham, J. and Harney, B. (2012) Strategy and Strategists. UK: OUP Oxford. Day, G. and Moorman, C. (2010) Strategy from the Outside In: Profiting from Customer Value. USA: McGraw Hill Professional. Drummond, G. and Ensor, J. (2006) Introduction to Marketing Concepts. UK: Routledge. Gbadamosi, A., Bathgate, I., and Nwankwo, S. (2013) Principles of Marketing: A Value-Based Approach. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Hassan (2012) The Value Proposition Concept in Marketing: How Customers Perceive the Value Delivered by Firms A Study of Customer Perspectives on Supermarkets in Southampton in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(3), pp 68-87. J Sainsbury Plc. (2016) Business structure. Available at: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/about-us/business-structure/ [ Accessed: 7th July, 2016]. J Sainsbury Plc. (2016) Great products and services at fair prices. Available at: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/about-us/business-strategy-and-objectives/great-products/ [Accessed: 7th July, 2016]. J Sainsbury Plc. (2016) About Us. Available at: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/about-us/ [Accessed: 7th July, 2016]. Kumar, N. and Steenkamp, JB. E. M. (2007) Private Label Strategy: How to Meet the Store Brand Challenge. USA: Harvard Business Press. Murray, K. (2013) The Retail Value Proposition: Crafting Unique Experiences at Compelling Prices. UK: University of Toronto Press. Saren, M. (2013) Marketing Graffiti. UK: Routledge. Seth, A. and Randall, G. (1999) The Grocers: The Rise and Rise of the Supermarket Chains. UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Viscusi, G., Batini, C. and Mecella, M. (2010) Information Systems for eGovernment: A Quality-of-Service Perspective. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. West, D., Ford, j. and Ibrahim, E. (2010) Strategic Marketing: Creating Competitive Advantage. UK: OUP Oxford.